Top 5 Cash Crops Dominating Africa’s Agricultural Sector

Agriculture is an important economic sector in many African countries. It’s important to note that the types of crops that dominate the agricultural sector can vary significantly from one country to another. However, some crops like cash crops are widely grown across various regions and contribute significantly to the economies of multiple African countries.

Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) states that agriculture constitutes almost one-fifth of the economy in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is a higher proportion compared to any other global region. Stretching from Nigeria to the agriculturally rich East African Rift Valley, the continent holds 60% of the world’s unused farmland. Let’s take a look at some of the top cash crops that are produced for a salable market.

Cassava – 63% of world’s production

Cocoa is an essential cash crop in several West African countries, particularly Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, which are among the world’s largest producers. Cassava leads as the most cultivated cash crop in Africa, boasting an annual yield of close to 200 million tonnes, which makes up 63% of global production. This brown tuber undergoes processes like peeling, pulping, and cooking to become a key component in many meals. Particularly prevalent in West Africa as a dietary staple, cassava nourishes an estimated 800 million people globally.

Sugar cane – 5% of world’s production

Sugar cane is one of the top cash crops, especially in countries like South Africa, Mauritius, and Swaziland. It’s a significant export product and also serves as a raw material for local sugar industries. Despite accounting for just 5% of the world’s sugar cane output, Africa’s untapped production capabilities, cost-effectiveness, and geographical closeness to Europe position it as a key player in the industry’s future growth. 

Given that the European Union ranks as the world’s second-highest sugar consumer, Africa could become an increasingly important supplier to meet that demand. Apart from sugar, it’s also used in the production of ethanol, a renewable fuel, and other by-products like molasses.

Maize – 7% of world’s production

Maize holds a dual role as both a staple food and a cash crop in Africa. Countries like South Africa, Nigeria, and Egypt are among the leading producers. Maize is highly versatile, serving as food in various forms and as an essential element in animal feed. 

Serving as the cornerstone of sustenance for more than 1.2 billion individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, maize isn’t just a cereal, it’s a vital part of life in these regions. Beyond its role as a food staple, maize’s versatility extends to various non-edible applications, making it an essential crop for the region.

Yams – 97% of world’s production

Yam is a significant crop particularly in West Africa, with Nigeria being the world’s largest producer. This starchy tuber is a staple food and also one of the top cash crops that holds cultural significance in many West African communities. West Africa, often dubbed the “yam belt,” dominates the world stage when it comes to yam farming, contributing a staggering 97% of global production. This crop is more than just a staple, it’s an economic powerhouse, engaging over 60 million individuals in its cultivation and thereby playing a pivotal role in the region’s financial well-being.

Rice – 5% of world’s production

Rice is increasingly becoming a crucial cash crop in Africa, with countries like Nigeria, Egypt, and Madagascar being significant producers. Though Africa is a net importer of rice, the crop holds significant economic potential and is crucial for food security. Despite its status as a crucial dietary staple in both West and East Africa, rice production is lagging behind the region’s fast-growing populations. 

To address this shortfall, efforts are underway to empower small-scale farmers in countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania. These initiatives aim to enhance not just the quantity but also the quality of rice yields as one of the top cash crops ultimately elevating the farmers’ economic standing.