Everything You Should Know About GMOs in Your Food

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are plants or animals whose DNA has been changed in a laboratory. Scientists insert, remove, or alter genes to give these organisms new traits, such as resistance to pests or longer shelf life.

GMOs are now common in many foods around the world, including in Nigeria. Before you decide whether to buy or avoid them, here is what you need to know in simple terms.

What Are GMOs?

A GMO is any organism whose genetic material has been changed through modern biotechnology. Unlike traditional breeding, which mixes whole sets of genes, GMOs let scientists move a single useful gene from one plant or animal into another. For example, a gene from a bacterium can be added to corn so it makes its own insect repellent.

How GMOs Are Made

1. Identify a Useful Gene: Scientists find a gene that gives a desired trait, such as drought tolerance.
   
2. Insert the Gene: Using special tools, they insert that gene into the target plant’s cells.
   
3. Grow and Test: The modified cells grow into plants that are tested in greenhouses and fields to make sure they behave as expected.
   
4. Safety Checks: Multiple rounds of tests check for risks to human health and to the environment.

Benefits of GMOs

• Higher Yields: Many GMO crops produce more food on the same land, helping feed a growing population.
  
• Less Pesticide Use: Pest‑resistant varieties cut down the need for chemical sprays, saving money and reducing environmental harm.
  
• Improved Nutrition: Scientists can boost vitamin and mineral levels in foods, such as “golden rice” enriched with vitamin A.
  
• Longer Shelf Life: Some GMO fruits and vegetables stay fresh longer, cutting food waste in markets and kitchens.

Common Concerns about GMOs

• Health Risks: Critics worry about allergies or new toxins. However, major studies by the WHO and other bodies have found no proven harm from approved GMOs in food.
  
• Environmental Impact: Pollen from GMO crops can spread to wild plants, potentially changing local ecosystems. Strict rules govern where and how GMOs can be grown to limit this.
  
• Corporate Control: A few large companies hold most GMO patents, raising fears that small farmers will lose choice and face high seed costs.

GMO Regulation in Nigeria

Nigeria allows certain GMO crops under strict rules. The National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA) reviews each GMO type for safety before approval.

Farmers who grow approved GMOs must follow guidelines on isolation distances and record‑keeping. Imports of GMO grains are also monitored at ports.

How to Make Informed Choices

• Read Labels: In many countries, GMO foods must carry a label. In Nigeria, look for certification from the NBMA.
  
• Buy Local and Organic: Local markets and organic farms often sell non‑GMO varieties. Ask your seller if seeds or seedlings are non‑GMO.
  
• Stay Updated: New GMO varieties and research keep emerging. Reliable sources include the NBMA website and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).